Citra dan Kriminalisasi Terhadap Kaum Perempuan di Bosnia, Herzegovina, dan Negara-Negara Tetangga Pada Periode 1992- 1995

Yusnarida Eka Nizmi

Abstract

Ditinjau dari aspek sejarah, perempuan telah lama menjadi topik pembicaraan dalam kompetisi gender dan rasis, korban sekaligus objektifikasi yang eksotik. Sering dianggap sebagai “penjaga warisan,” perempuan sekaligus menjadi simbol tidak adanya perubahan dalam budaya itu sendiri- statis dan tidak berkembang, serta tidak terbuka pada perubahan. Patologi yang salah mengenai perempuan semakin melekatkan perempuan jauh dari “rasa aman”. Cap korban dilekatkan pada perempuan yang identik dengan cerita-cerita pemaksaan dan pemerkosaan yang menjadi simbol penekanan dan frustrasi kaum perempuan. Sejarah Bosnia-Herzegovina adalah satu satu bahasan dalam kajian politik gender. Hak-hak kaum perempuan terus menerus dipolitisasi, dalam konflik yang berkepanjangan. Upaya pencitraan terhadap perempuan telah dibuat dalam beberapa tahapan kritikal . Masing-masing periode membawa persepsi sesuai dengan pemikiran-pemikiran yang ada pada saat itu. Dan setiap periode pelabelan citra ini, khususnya yang terkait dengan hak-hak kaum perempuan, kerap menemui resistansi dari pihak-pihak tertentu. Citra perempuan, khususnya selama periode perang 1992-1995 di Bosnia, Herzegovina, dan negara-negara tetangga, merefleksikan politik etnonasional dan kepentingan ideologi pada masa itu yang berujung pada hilangnya rasa aman bagi kaum perempuannya.

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